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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠在分类地位上属于哺乳纲啮齿目动物。全世界有鼠类约</span>1700<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余种,我国约</span>170<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余种。鼠类是哺乳类中最繁盛的种类,数量多,分布广,适应性强,与人类有着密切的关系,不但人住的地方有老鼠,而且野外的庄稼地、林牧场、河堤等也有老鼠。鼠类的危害不但给人类传播疾病,而且还可破坏工农业生产,骚扰人们的正常生活。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、鼠的为害</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">据调查,世界上有近千种的鼠类都关系到人类所患的疾病,涉及鼠类有关的疾病就有百余种,其中我国已查明传播疾病的鼠类约有</span>80<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">种,涉及的疾病有五大类</span>46<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">种,如病毒性疾病、立克次体病、螺旋体病、真菌细菌性疾病和寄生虫病等。其中危害最大的有鼠疫、肾综合症出血热、<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">钩</span>端螺旋体病、恙<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">虫病和</span>血吸虫病等,给人类健康与生命安全造成严重威胁。同时,鼠类还会把疾病传给家禽、家畜和野生动物。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类严重危害工农业生产,给国民经济造成严重的损失。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">农业上,鼠类盗吃粮食、啃咬农作物。据联合国调查,世界上每年被鼠盗吃的粮食达</span>3500<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">万吨,可供</span>1000<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">万人口吃</span>20<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。我国每年因鼠害造成农作物减产</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>10%<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,估计耗损粮食达</span>300<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">亿斤,可供</span>8000<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">万人吃一年。此外,鼠类还盗食仓储粮食,毁坏堤坝,造成水灾等。<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">在工业与交通上,鼠类造成的损失更是触目惊心。</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">1980</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年上海石化总厂曾发生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只褐家鼠窜入热电厂高压开关室,造成电源短路、导致生产瘫痪,经济损失达</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">1700</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">万元人民币。此外,因鼠害导致机场、码头、火车、电讯等部门的设施受损的事故也时有发生,直接或间接地破坏了正常生产秩序和机器设备,造成电讯中断,航运和空运等交通受阻,甚至发生火灾。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类不但在人们居室到处流窜骚扰,使人彻夜不眠,严重影响人们的休息。而且还会咬坏门窗、家具、档案、书报、文件和各种电器物品。还会在住房墙根周边挖洞筑巢,破坏墙基、沙井、下水道、路基。同时还会对人体进行攻击,如</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">1982</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年长江中下游农村发生东方田鼠大暴发时,曾发生有的儿童在睡眠时耳、鼻、手指或脚趾被鼠咬伤,有的人被鼠咬伤后导致长时间溃疡不愈。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、鼠的生物习性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(一)</strong><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">生活史</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类的生长和发育可分为幼体、青年体、亚成体、成体和老年体等五个年龄组阶段。刚出生的幼鼠主要在鼠窝内生活,随后逐渐长大离开鼠窝单独活动。一般不到</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月性成熟,成体产仔后经</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">天又可进行交配、怀孕。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>9<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月达到繁殖生育高峰期,尔后逐渐减退,至</span>1.5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年基本失去生殖能力。家鼠寿命一般为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,平均约为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(二)生活习性</strong><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、食性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类食性杂,多数鼠类都以植物性食物为主,如水稻、红薯、花生、玉米、甘蔗、水果、蔬菜等,也会取食其他食物,如肉类、小昆虫、浆糊、粪便等。在上述食物紧缺的情况下,还可取食草根、小鱼、小虾等。鼠类对食物和水的摄食量因种而有差异,如褐家鼠和黄胸鼠,<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">它们摄食量较多,一般每天需吃</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">0g</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">食物,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">每天均要饮水</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">30ml</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。如果<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">一天不喝水,其生存将受到威胁。</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">小家鼠的摄食量和饮水量较少,而且取食场所不固定。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、栖息</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类栖息场所广泛,生活在地面、地下、室内、室外,凡人类生活的地方均有老鼠栖息,常以洞穴而居。但不同鼠种都有一定的栖息范围,家鼠主要栖息在人、畜居住的室内或附近地方。其中黄胸鼠多栖息于建筑物的上层;褐家鼠和小家鼠均栖息于建筑物的底层或基层。而野鼠栖息在田野、山林、草地和树丛等地。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、活动</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在各种环境中都有鼠类活动的足迹。鼠类活动的节律为昼伏夜出,一般每天</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">17:00</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">20:00</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">和</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">4:00</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">6:00</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">时是活动高峰期。家鼠活动多沿墙根或家具边行走,且有明显鼠道。野鼠沿田埂、草丛与山林边等处奔跑,鼠道不很明显。鼠类的活动主要有如下特点:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">(1)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">爱打洞:鼠类善于打洞,常在地面打洞建巢。一般洞道长</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">0.5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,最长可达</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">13.95</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;"> m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,深</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">0.3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">0.5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;"> m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。洞口</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">7</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个。家鼠巢穴垫物多为碎布、废纸和棉花。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">(2)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">善攀登:鼠类攀登能力强。如黄胸鼠能在树枝、绳索、天线、管道和墙缝上攀登和行走;褐家鼠可在砖墙和其他粗糙墙面及管、线上攀爬。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">(3)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">能跳跃:褐家鼠能垂直跳高</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">60</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">㎝,在紧迫的情况下,从</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">15</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">高的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">房屋上跳下,也不会跌伤。小家鼠能垂直跳高</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">30cm</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体; color: black;">(4)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有咬啮习惯:鼠类有坚硬而锐利的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">门齿,能咬啃多种建筑材料。如木材、铝板和铅管等。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(5)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">会游水和潜水:褐家鼠可在河涌或溪流边、沼泽地、下水道系统和水稻田中游泳与潜水。并可在水中漂浮</span>60<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余小时,潜水达</span>30<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">秒钟,还可从阴沟进入住宅,借助下水道窜入高层建筑物。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、适应性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类的适应能力强,可在各类环境中生活。从北方到南方,从热带到寒带,从陆地到海洋,从高山到平原都能生长发育。有些鼠类对新物体有一定的恐惧与回避行为,特别是褐家鼠对新物体反应最为强烈,对环境中出现的新物体,往往经过先试探、细观察之后才敢接触,这种行为给灭鼠工作带来一定困难。野鼠新物反应行为较轻,甚至没有反应。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、感觉</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类的感觉器官较发达,但种群之间也有差异。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(1)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">嗅觉:利于寻找食物与求偶,还可进行个体间的联系。常在活动路线留下屎尿等分泌物以标志领域范围。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(2)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">味觉:能区别食物中低浓度的异味和杂质。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(3)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">听觉:能听到</span>50m<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">以内人走路的脚步声,还能听到人、猫听不到的超声波。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(4)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">触觉:依靠触须与体毛的功能进行定位、定向,以致不会与物体发生碰撞。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">(5)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">视觉:家鼠虽为色盲动物,但对光的敏感性较强,适应夜视,可在夜间辨别</span>1m<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">内固定物体,可看到</span>10m<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">内移动的物体。此外,鼠类的记忆力较强,善于吸取教训,一旦未被毒死或未被捕上,就会成为难灭的老鼠。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、迁移</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类有迁移的习性。如遇种群密度高、食源缺乏、人为灭鼠等改变环境时,都会引起鼠类的迁移。同时,鼠类还可随着交通工具进行长距离的迁移。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;">7<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、繁殖</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼠类的繁殖能力强。在南方地区一年四季均可繁殖。幼鼠约</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月性成熟后即可交配生育。雌鼠<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">产</span>仔后即可交配怀孕,孕期一般为</span>20<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">天左右。野鼠的繁殖力较弱。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、常见家鼠的形态特征及生活习性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一、褐家鼠</strong>(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">又叫大家鼠、沟鼠、挪威鼠</span>)</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、形态特征</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">体型粗壮,略大于黄胸鼠。体重一般在</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">0</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>400g<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,南方有的个体可超过</span>500g<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。口鼻钝圆,吻短,尾短于体长,耳短而厚。背毛呈棕褐色或灰褐色,体侧毛色略浅,腹毛呈灰白色,尾上鳞环明显,尾上部毛为黑褐色,尾下部毛为灰白色。后足粗大,前足粗短。雌鼠乳头</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,分布于胸部</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,腹部</span>1<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,蹊部</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对。前足</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">趾,后足</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">趾,前足垫</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,后足垫</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个</span>(<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">见下图</span>)<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img title="1582902638594126.jpg" alt="褐家鼠.jpg" src="https://www.gdkejian.com/Uploads/image/20200228/1582902638594126.jpg" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;"/></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、生活习性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(1)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">栖息:褐家鼠栖息地广泛,能适应多种环境,常栖息在居民区及附近食物充沛,隐蔽安全,靠近水源的地方。筑巢于建筑物的基部、畜圈、厕所、垃圾堆、下水道及耕地、沟渠、路旁、河堤等处。善游泳和掘洞,洞口一般</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,分支多,洞道长约</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">0.5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,深约</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">0.3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">0.5m</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,一般只有一个巢穴。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(2)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">食性:褐家鼠食性杂,喜吃含水分较多的食物。在住区主要吃粮食和各种食品,也吃垃圾、粪便和饲料。在野外主要以各种农作物为食,也吃其他植物、小鱼、虾、蟹和昆虫。褐家鼠耐饥渴的能力较差,取食频繁,每天取食量约为其体重的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">20</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">%,需水量较大。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(3)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">活动:褐家鼠主要在夜间活动,以黎明、黄昏活动最频繁,在特殊情况下,白天亦可活动。其生性狡猾,多疑,听觉、触觉和嗅觉灵敏,视觉稍差。活动或觅食时常沿墙根、墙角、沟渠行走。对环境的变化非常敏感,遇新出现的物体常回避一段时间,然后再接近。遇到同类大批死亡、食源缺乏、栖息环境被破坏等因素有迁居的现象。此外,褐家鼠常有季节性迁移的习性。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(4)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">繁殖:褐家鼠繁殖力强,条件适宜时一年四季皆可繁殖,孕育期约为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">周,产后即可再受孕。每胎产仔鼠</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">15</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只,多数为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只。幼鼠出生后</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月即可交配繁殖,生殖能力可维持</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1.5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,一般每年</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月和</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">9</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月为繁殖高峰期。实验观察,一对褐家鼠一年可繁殖后代</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1500</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">余只,繁殖能力与食物、温度等密切相关,温度越低,繁殖数量越少。褐家鼠的平均寿命为<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">一</span>年左右。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">二、小家鼠</strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">又叫米鼠、小耗子</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、形态特征</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">体型小,体长</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">0</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>90mm<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">,体重</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">7</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>20g<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。尾长与体长相等或稍短。头小吻短,耳小而圆。一般背毛呈棕灰,灰褐,甚至暗褐色。腹毛灰白,灰黄色。雌鼠乳头</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,其中胸部</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,下腹部</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对。前足</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">趾,后足</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">趾,前足垫</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,后足垫</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个。头骨纤细,眶上嵴与颞嵴不明显,上门齿内侧有一个直角形的缺刻,这是鉴别小家鼠的重要特征。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;"> <img title="1582902674665974.jpg" alt="小家鼠.jpg" src="https://www.gdkejian.com/Uploads/image/20200228/1582902674665974.jpg" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;"/></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-indent: 29px;"><br style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、生活习性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(1)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">栖息:小家鼠筑巢条件要求不高,喜栖息于住房、厨房、仓库,厨柜、箱盒、抽屉和杂物堆中。在野外,可栖息于杂草丛中和种子植物生长茂密之处,旱田内、水田埂上、禾草堆下、休耕地里亦发现其栖息。洞穴常有</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个洞口,洞道短,仅有一个分支,窝巢建于分叉处。成鼠常独居,仅在交尾阶段或哺育期可见一洞数鼠。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(2)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">食性:食性杂,喜食各种植物的种子,尤其是小粒谷物种子。在食物缺乏时也取食幼嫩植物的根、茎、叶、草籽和昆虫。实验观察,每天取食可达</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">193</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">次之多,但每次取食</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">20mg</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。取食场所不固定,有时一天之内遍及可能取食的所有地点,摄食具有时断时续的特点,夜间</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">20</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">—</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">21</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">时是觅食最高峰。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(3)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">活动:小家鼠多夜间活动,黄昏和黎明前有两个活动高峰。活动多在墙根比较隐蔽的地方,很少进入空旷处。攀登能力不强,觅食时多半在地面往返于食物与栖息之间。小家鼠、褐家鼠和黄胸鼠常同在一个地方栖息,互相争夺食物,故数量往往相互制约,或在一个地区大面积灭鼠后出现褐家鼠与小家鼠相对数量的演替,如在灭鼠初期,褐家鼠密度较高,小家鼠的密度较低,经灭鼠后,褐家鼠大量死亡,则小家鼠可能出现上升的趋势。随着季节的变化,小家鼠也具有迁移现象,一般开春从室内迁居到野外,造成野外小家鼠密度上升,从</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月底密度达到高峰,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">7</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月以后开始下降。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月底从野外又迁回到室内。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(4)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">繁殖:</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">小家鼠的繁殖力强,但对不良环境的抵抗力较差。条件适宜时,一年四季均可繁殖,春、秋各有一次繁殖高峰期。孕期一般</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">周,年产仔</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">胎,每胎产仔</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只,母鼠产仔后不久即可再孕,幼鼠一般</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月性成熟,栖息在野外的小家鼠,严冬时很少繁殖。在环境条件恶劣时,繁殖数量明显下降。小家鼠的寿命多数不到一年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">三、黄胸鼠</strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">又叫黄腹鼠、屋顶鼠、长尾鼠</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">)</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、形态特征</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">体型中等、纤细。体重多在</span>60<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span>180g<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。尾长大于或等于体长。鼻吻略尖,耳大而薄,向前折可达眼部。背毛黄褐色。在喉部与胸部中间有棕黄色斑,有时略带褐色,腹毛呈灰黄色或灰白色。前肢较短,后肢细长。乳头</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,其中胸部</span>2<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对,腹部</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对。前足趾</span>4<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,后足趾</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,前足垫</span>5<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个,后足垫</span>6<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个。头骨左右两侧颞嵴在顶间骨呈弧形,且向后端消失。臼齿咀嚼面呈</span>3<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">横嵴,齿突隆起。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-indent: 29px;"><img title="1582902701512215.jpg" alt="黄胸鼠.jpg" src="https://www.gdkejian.com/Uploads/image/20200228/1582902701512215.jpg" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;"/><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-indent: 29px;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">、生活习性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 29px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(1)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">栖息:黄胸鼠多栖息于建筑物的上层,如天花板、瓦楞间隙、夹墙、墙缝及地面杂物堆中,在下水道、阴沟等潮湿地区很少见。不善于游泳,但可通过绳索或搭板从岸上窜入轮船中。在较温暖的地区,栖息于居民点附近的田野、灌木丛生的树根下或碎石堆的缝隙中,偶尔在田埂和水沟两旁的斜坡上筑巢。巢穴构造简单,洞内常有破布、碎纸、草屑、谷粒、谷壳、花生壳等。夹墙中的鼠洞构造较复杂,洞口多上通天花板,下达地板,前后左右相贯连。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(2)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">食性:黄胸鼠食性杂,食谱广,偏素食,对谷物、甘薯、花生、豆类等均嗜食。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(3)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">活动:黄胸鼠多在夜间活动,以清晨、黄昏最为活跃,午夜亦有一小时的活动高峰。特殊情况下,白天亦频繁活动。农村中的黄胸鼠,可随农作物的生长,收获等变化在住宅和田野间进行季节性迁移。善于攀登和跳跃,能在粗糙墙面上攀爬而上,也能在横梁和树枝上奔跑,并在爬过的梁柱屋架、房屋的四角留下明显污秽和鼠道痕迹。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">(4)</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">繁殖:黄胸鼠繁殖能力较褐家鼠小,一般每胎产仔</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">17</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只,多为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">只。幼鼠</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个月后性成熟,雌鼠的孕期和哺乳期各为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">周。寿命一般</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年,个别可超过</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; 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